Photo: Tim Douglas

What time of day is sperm count highest?

between 5:00am and 7:30am For healthy semen samples collected between 5:00am and 7:30am were found to exhibit a statistically higher sperm concentration, total sperm count and a higher percentage of normally shaped sperm, compared to samples produced later in the day.

progress.org.uk - Scientists pinpoint best time and season for sperm • PET

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The time at which a sperm sample is produced may influence its quality, according to a new study. Researchers at the University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland, analysed 12,245 semen samples from 7068 men, between 1994 and 2015. The researchers, led by Dr Min Xie, found that semen quality varied with the time of day and year that the sample was produced. The samples were examined for sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility and sperm shape. For healthy semen samples collected between 5:00am and 7:30am were found to exhibit a statistically higher sperm concentration, total sperm count and a higher percentage of normally shaped sperm, compared to samples produced later in the day. Sperm motility was not influenced by the time of sample production. The 7468 samples that had abnormal characteristics showed a similar pattern. For these samples, sperm concentration was found to be highest when the sample was collected between 5:00am and 7:30am. Sperm movement was best in samples produced between 8:31am and 10:00am. Sperm shape was not influenced by the time of collection for these samples. In addition to circadian variation, semen quality also varied by season. Sperm concentration and total sperm count were found to be significantly higher during the spring months and significantly lower during summer. There was no yearly variation in sperm motility, but a higher proportion of normally shaped sperm was observed in summertime samples.

The causes of the daily and seasonal variations are not conclusively known.

'The most likely cause for the circannual variation of semen quality is the effect of photoperiod, eg the length of daylight,' the authors write in the paper. Hormones such as melatonin, testosterone and cortisol, which exhibit their own circadian patterns of expression, could be responsible for the daytime fluctuations observed in semen quality, the authors hypothesise. The semen samples included in the study were produced within a 12-hour window from 5:00am to 17:00pm. The authors acknowledge that they 'lack data on the (late) evening, when sexual activity is highest'. As a result, further research is required to achieve a full understanding of the circadian fluctuations of semen parameters. However, the production of semen samples before 10:00am could 'be used to improve natural fertility as well as fertility resulting from assisted reproduction', they state, adding that timing sample collection is one of the few ways to improve semen quality.

The study is published in the journal Chronobiology International.

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What happens when vitamin C is exposed to air?

As a mild reducing agent, ascorbic acid degrades upon exposure to air, converting the oxygen to water. The redox reaction is accelerated by the presence of metal ions and light. It can be oxidized by one electron to a radical state or doubly oxidized to the stable form called dehydroascorbic acid.

thechemco.com - Ascorbic Acid - The Chemical Company

TCC’s Ascorbic Acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. Its chemical formula is C 6 H 8 O 6 . It is a white crystalline solid that dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is a form of vitamin C. It is present in plants, especially fruits, tomatoes, and green vegetables. As a mild reducing agent, ascorbic acid degrades upon exposure to air, converting the oxygen to water. The redox reaction is accelerated by the presence of metal ions and light. It can be oxidized by one electron to a radical state or doubly oxidized to the stable form called dehydroascorbic acid. Because ascorbic acid is easily oxidized, it is used as a reductant in photographic developer solutions and as a preservative. In fluorescence microscopy and related fluorescence-based techniques, ascorbic acid can be used as an antioxidant to increase fluorescent signal and chemically retard dye photo bleaching. Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, and calcium salts are commonly used as antioxidant food additives. These compounds are water-soluble and thus cannot protect fats from oxidation. For this purpose, the fat-soluble esters of ascorbic acid with long-chain fatty acids can be used as food antioxidants. Eighty percent of the world’s supply of commercially used ascorbic acid is produced in China.

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