Smoothy Slim
Smoothy Slim
Photo: Mikhail Nilov
The diet of the earliest hominins was probably somewhat similar to the diet of modern chimpanzees: omnivorous, including large quantities of fruit, leaves, flowers, bark, insects and meat (e.g., Andrews & Martin 1991; Milton 1999; Watts 2008).
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The main ingredient for a potent powdered supplement, based on the diets of among the healthiest, longest-living hamlet in the world.
Learn More »Aiello, L. C., & Wheeler, P. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology 36, 199-221 (1995). Andrews, P. & Martin, L. Hominoid dietary evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 334, 199-209 (1991). Antón, S.C. Natural history of Homo erectus. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 46, 126-170 (2003). Babbitt, C. C. et al. Genomic signatures of diet-related shifts during human origins. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, 961-969 (2011). Bellomo, R. V. Methods of determining early hominid behavioral activities associated with the controlled use of fire at FxJj 20 Main, Koobi Fora. Journal of Human Evolution 27, 173-195 (1994). Binford, L. R. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Academic Press, New York (1981). Binford, L. R. Fact and fiction about the Zinajnthropus floor: data, arguments, and interpretations. Current Anthropology 29, 123-135 (1988). Blumenschine, R. J. Carcass consumption sequences and the archaeological distinction of hunting and scavenging. Journal of Human Evolution 15, 639-659 (1986). Blumenschine, R. J. Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology 28, 383-407 (1987). Blumenschine, R. J. An experimental model of the timing of hominid and carnivore influence on archaeological bone assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 483-502 (1988). Blumenschine, R. J. Percussion marks, tooth marks, and experimental determinations of the timing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 29, 21-51 (1995). Blumenschine, R. J. & Madrigal, T .C. Variability in long-bone marrow yields of East African ungulates and its zooarchaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 555-587 (1993). Blumenschine, R. J. & Pobiner, B. L. Zooarchaeology and the ecology of Oldowan hominin carnivory. In Ungar, P. (Ed.), Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 167-190 (2006). Blumenschine, R. J. & Selvaggio, M. M., Percussion marks on bone surfaces as a new diagnostic of hominid behavior. Nature 333, 763-765 (1988). Blumenschine, R. J. et al. Vertebrate taphonomic perspectives on Oldowan hominin land-use in the Plio-Pleistocene Olduvai basin, Tanzania. In Breathing Life into Fossils: Taphonomic Studies in Honor of C. K. (Bob) Brain. eds. Pickering, T. R., Toth, N. & Schick, K. (Indiana: Stone Age Institute Press, 2007). 161-180. Brain, C. K. & Sillen, A. Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature 336, 464-466 (1988). Brantingham, P. J. Hominid-Carnivore coevolution and invasion of the predatory guild. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17, 327-353 (1998). Broadhurst, C. L. et al. Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 131(4), 653-673. Braun, D. R. et al. Early hominin diet included diverse terrestrial and aquatic animals 1.95 Ma in East Turkana, Kenya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 10002-10007 (2010). Brown, K. S. et al. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491, 590-593. Bunn, H. T. Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge. Nature 291, 547-577 (1981). Bunn, H. T. Patterns of skeletal representation and hominid subsistence activities at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania and Koobi Fora, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 15, 673-690 (1986). Bunn, H. T. A taphonomic perspective on the archaeology of human origins. Annual Review of Anthropology 20, 433-467 (1991).
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Learn More »Bunn, H. T. & Ezzo, J. A. Hunting and scavenging by Plio-Pleistocene hominids: nutritional constraints, archaeological patterns and behavioural implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 365-398 (1993). Bunn, H. T. & Kroll, E. M. Fact and fiction about the Zinajnthropus floor: data, arguments, and interpretations. Current Anthropology 29, 135-149 (1988). Bunn, H T. et al. Was FLK North levels 1-2 a classic "living floor" of Oldowan hominins or a taphonomically complex palimpsest dominated by large carnivore feeding behavior? Quaternary Research 74(3), 355-362. Capaldo, S. D. Inferring hominid and carnivore behavior from dual-patterned archaeofaunal assemblages. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University (1995). Capaldo, S. D. Experimental determinations of carcass processing by Plio-Pleistocene hominids and carnivores at FLK 22 (Zinjanthropus), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 33, 555-597 (1997). Cavallo, J. A. & Blumenschine R. J. Tree-stored leopard kills: expanding the hominid scavenging niche. Journal of Human Evolution 18, 393-399 (1989). Delaney-Rivera, C. et al. Pits and pitfalls: taxonomic variability and patterning in tooth mark dimensions. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 2597-2608 (2009). de Heinzelin, J. et al. E. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284, 625-629 (1999). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. Meat-eating by early hominids at the FLK 22 Zinjanthropus site, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): an experimental approach using cut-mark data. Journal of Human Evolution 33, 669-690 (1997). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. Flesh availability and bone modifications in carcasses consumed by lions: palaoecological relevance in hominid foraging patterns. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 149, 373-388 (1999). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. Hunting and scavenging by early humans: the state of the debate. Journal of World Prehistory 16, 1-54 (2002). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. & Pickering, T. R. Early hominid hunting and scavenging: a zooarchaeological review. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 275-292 (2003). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al.Configurational approach to identifying the earliest hominin butchers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107, 20929-20934 (2010). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al. Cutmarked bones from Pliocene archaeological sites at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia: Implications for the functions of the world's oldest stone tools. Journal of Human Evolution 48, 109-121 (2005). Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. et al. (Eds.) Deconstructing Olduvai: A Taphonomic Study of the Bed I Sites. Springer, Netherlands (2007). Egeland, C. P. et al. Disentangling Early Stone Age palimpsests: determining the functional independence of hominid- and carnivore-derived portions of archaeofaunas. Journal of Human Evolution 47, 343-357 (2004). Fernández-Jalvo, Y. & Andrews, P. When humans chew bones. Journal of Human Evolution 60, 117-123 (2011). Ferraro et al. Earliest archaeological evidence of persistent hominin carnivory. PLoS ONE 8, e62174 (2013). Goren-Inbar, N. et al. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Science 304, 725-727 (2004). Gowlett, J. A. J. et al. Early archaeological sites, hominid remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya Nature 294, 125-129 (1981). James, S. R. Hominid use of fire in the lower and middle Pleistocene: a review of the evidence. Current Anthropology 30, 1-26 (1989). Jolly, C. J. The seed-eaters: a new model of hominid differentiation based on a baboon analogy. Man 5, 1-26 (1970). Landt, M. J. Tooth marks and human consumption: ethnoarchaeological mastication research among foragers of the Central African Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 1629-1640 (2007). Luca, F., Perry, G. H. & Di Rienzo, A. Evolutionary adaptations to dietary changes. Annual Review of Nutrition 30, 291-314 (2010).
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Learn More »McHenry, H. M. Body size and proportions in early hominids. American Journal of Physical Anthropoogy 87, 407-431 (1992). McPherron, S. P. et al. Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia Nature 466, 857-860 (2010). Milton, K. A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 8, 11-21 (1999). Mitani, J. C. & Watts, D. P. Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat? Animal Behavior 61, 915-924 (2001). Peters, C. R. & O'Brian, E. M. The early hominid plant-food niche: insights from an analysis of plant exploitation by Homo, Pan, and Papio in eastern and southern Africa. Current Anthropology 22, 127-140 (1981). Pickering, T. R. et al. Taphonomy of ungulate ribs and the consumption of meat and bone by 1.2-million-year-old hominins at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1295-1309 (2013). Pobiner, B. Hominin-Carnivore Interactions: Evidence from Modern Carnivore Bone Modification and Early Pleistocene Archaeofaunas (Koobi Fora, Kenya; Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University (2007). Pobiner, B. L. & Blumenschine, R. J. A taphonomic perspective on the Oldowan hominid encroachment on the carnivoran paleoguild. Journal of Taphonomy 1, 115-141 (2003). Pobiner, B. L. & Braun, D. R. Strengthening the inferential link between cutmark frequency data and Oldowan hominid behavior: Results from modern butchery experiments. Journal of Taphonomy 3, 107-119 (2005). Pobiner, B. L. et al.,New evidence for hominin carcass processing strategies at 1.5 Ma, Koobi Fora, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 55, 103-130. (2008). Potts, R. & Shipman, P. Cutmarks made by stone tools on bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 291, 577-580 (1981). Ragir, S. et al. Gut morphology and the avoidance of carrion among chimpanzees, baboons, and early hominids. Journal of Anthropological Research 56, 477-512 (2000). Selvaggio, M. M. Evidence from carnivore tooth marks and stone-tool-butchery marks for scavenging by hominids at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University (1994). Semaw et al. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45, 169-177 (2003). Shipman, P. Scavenging or hunting in early hominids: theoretical framework and tests. American Anthropologist 88, 27-43 (1986). Speth, J. D. Early hominid hunting and scavenging: the role of meat as an energy source. Journal of Human Evolution 18, 329-343 (1989).
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