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Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma damage bone marrow. Also, cancer that spreads to the bone or bone marrow may crowd out healthy red blood cells.

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Anemia is when your body's level of red blood cells goes below normal. When you do not have enough red blood cells, your body parts do not get enough oxygen. As a result, they cannot work the way they should and cause problems. You can develop anemia if your body does not make enough red blood cells or destroys them. You can also develop anemia if you lose too much blood from your bloodstream. Anemia is a common side effect of cancer and cancer treatment. This is especially true for people receiving chemotherapy.

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

Many people with anemia feel fatigue or muscle weakness. These symptoms can make it harder to cope with other physical and emotional effects of cancer treatment.

Symptoms of anemia may also include:

Rapid or irregular heart beat

Occasional chest pain

Trouble breathing or shortness of breath

Dizziness or fainting

Pale or lighter than normal color of the skin, nail beds, lips, gums, or tongue

Headaches

Trouble concentrating

Insomnia

Becoming tired more easily

Trouble staying warm

Bleeding problems

Talk with your health care team about any symptoms you experience. This includes any new symptoms or a change in symptoms. Managing anemia and other cancer side effects is an important part of your medical care and treatment. This type of care is called palliative care or supportive care.

What are the causes of anemia?

Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside your larger bones. A hormone from the kidneys, called erythropoietin, tells your body when to make more red blood cells. Damage to either the bone marrow or the kidneys can cause anemia. Anemia can be caused by cancer, cancer side effects, or cancer treatment. It can also be caused by factors unrelated to cancer.

Common causes of anemia in people with cancer include:

Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can damages bone marrow. This damage usually does not last and anemia often improves a few months after chemotherapy ends. Also, chemotherapy with platinum-based drugs may harm the kidneys. These drugs include cisplatin (Platinol) and carboplatin (Paraplatin). Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy to large areas of the body can damage bone marrow. So can radiation therapy to bones in the pelvis, legs, chest, or abdomen. Certain types of cancer. Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma damage bone marrow. Also, cancer that spreads to the bone or bone marrow may crowd out healthy red blood cells. Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting and loss of appetite may cause you to lose nutrients. Your body needs nutrients to make red blood cells. These includes iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Too much blood loss. You can lose red blood cells faster than your body can make them. This may happen after surgery or if a tumor causes bleeding inside your body.

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How is anemia diagnosed?

Doctors use a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) to diagnose anemia. The test results include your number of red blood cells. There are several ways to check your red blood cell count, including measuring hemoglobon and hematocrit. Hemoglobin is the iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hematocrit is the percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells. People with specific types of cancer or who are receiving certain cancer treatments may have regular CBC tests to monitor their health. In addition to anemia, a CBC looks for other blood-related problems. If the test shows that you have anemia, you may need other tests to find the cause.

How is anemia treated?

Doctors treat anemia based on the cause and symptoms. Here are some examples. Blood transfusion. If anemia is causing symptoms or problems, you may need a red blood cell transfusion. During the transfusion, healthy red blood cells from a donor go into your body through a needle into a vein. Medication. If chemotherapy causes anemia, your doctor may prescribe medications called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). ESAs are forms of erythropoietin made in the laboratory. They work by telling your bone marrow to make more red blood cells. ESAs include epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit, Retacrit) and darbepoetin work equally well for treating anemia from chemotherapy. They also have similar risks. Epoetin and darbepoetin are injected in the body at regular intervals. They can take several weeks to start working. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH) provide these recommendations for using epoetin and darbepoetin: When ESAs may be given. You may get ESAs to treat anemia if you are receiving chemotherapy as a treatment to manage cancer symptoms. This is called palliative treatment. You may also get ESAs if you have low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) even when you are not receiving chemotherapy. MDS is a bone marrow disorder that can cause anemia. When ESAs should not be given. ESAs are not recommended if you are not receiving chemotherapy or if you are receiving chemotherapy to cure cancer. You should also not receive ESAs if your hemoglobin level is 10 grams per deciliter (g/dL) or higher. How ESAs are given. You should get ESAs at the lowest dose possible. The goal is to raise your hemoglobin level just enough for your to avoid a blood transfusion. Your doctor may lower the dose when that level is reached. They may also lower the dose if your hemoglobin level rises more than 1 g/dL within 2 weeks. If your hemoglobin level does not rise after 6 to 8 weeks, ESA treatment is not working. Your doctor should stop the treatment. Risks of ESAs. ESAs have serious health risks. This includes an increased risk of death and blood clots. Talk with your doctor about the possible risks and benefits of using ESAs. Together, you should compare them with the risks and benefits of a red blood cell transfusion. You and your doctor should be very cautious about using ESAs if you have a high risk of blood clots. Risk factors for developing a blood clot from ESAs include:

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A previous blood clot

Recent major surgery

Long periods of bed rest or limited activity, such as being in the hospital

Some types of chemotherapy and hormone therapy

Some types of treatment for multiple myeloma, especially thalidomide (Thalomid) or similar drugs This information is based on ASCO and ASH recommendations about treatment of anemia with ESAs. Please note that this link takes you to another ASCO website. Vitamin or mineral supplements. If a lack of nutrients causes anemia, your doctor may prescribe supplements. These include iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12. These supplements are usually pills taken by mouth. Occasionally, you may get a vitamin B12 injection. These injections may help your body better absorb the vitamin. Also consider eating foods high in iron or folic acid. Foods high in iron include:

Red meat

Beans

Dried apricots

Almonds

Broccoli

Enriched bread and cereal

Foods high in folic acid include:

Asparagus

Broccoli

Spinach

Lima beans

Enriched breads and cereals

Questions to ask the health care team

Does my cancer or cancer treatment put me at risk for developing anemia?

Will you test my blood to look for signs of anemia? If so, how often will I need to have this test?

What signs or problems of anemia should I watch for? Which ones should I tell you about right away?

What is causing my anemia?

How can my anemia be treated?

Who can help me understand my nutritional needs?

ASCO Answers Fact Sheet: Anemia (PDF)

When to Call the Doctor During Cancer Treatment

More Information

National Cancer Institute: Anemia and Cancer Treatment

cancer.net - Anemia | Cancer.Net

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