Does coffee have heavy metals?

Apart from antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, coffee contains carbohydrates, lipids, nitrogen compounds, vitamins and minerals, including toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) [12, 14, 15]. The presence of toxic metals in food is a global problem.

link.springer.com - Assessment of the risk of exposure to cadmium and lead ... - Springer Link

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Study material

Twenty-three samples of natural coffee were examined (Table 1). The products were purchased in August 2017 from local groceries, still within their shelf life. Before the analyses, the coffee was stored in original, tightly sealed packages at room temperature.

Table 1 Characteristic of the analysed products Full size table

Preparation of samples for analyses

Grained coffee was ground in a laboratory grinder with plastic blades. Ground coffee was mixed by hand. Coffee infusions were prepared as follows: 6 g of ground coffee was poured with 100 ml of drinking water with a temperature of 95–100 °C; after 10 min, the solutions were drained through the Whatman drain. The resulting coffee grounds were dried in a drier at a temperature of 65 °C for 24 h. Afterwards, they were pulverised in a laboratory grinder with plastic blades. The analyses covered both fresh ground coffee and coffee grounds remaining after coffee brewing.

Chemical analyses

The analysed material was manually mixed. Samples weighing ca. 3 g were weighed in 3 replications into previously heat sterilised china crucibles and then subjected to dry mineralisation in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 450 °C. The oxidant was hydrogen peroxide. The mineralisate was dissolved in 10 ml of 1 M HNO 3 [20, 21]. The content of cadmium and lead was determined using ICP (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) in a Varian 820 MS spectrometer (Varian, Melbourne, Australia). The parameters for determination and control of correct analyses were included in Table 2. The calibration curve was drawn using the models: Cd: standard characterised by 99.999% purity used to prepare solutions with the concentration of 0.2; 0.4; 1; 2; 4; 10 μg of Cd L −1 ; the solutions were prepared in 1% ultra-pure nitric acid (V). Pb: standard characterised by 99.999% purity used to prepare solutions with the concentration of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 2; 5 μg of Pb L−1; the solutions were prepared in 1% ultra-pure nitric acid (V). Table 2 Measurement parameters and validation data for the determination of Cd and Pb levels by ICP-MS Full size table Each chemical analyses was repeated 3 times. The accuracy of determination was verified using a blind test (1 M HNO 3 ) and two certified reference materials (CRM): INCT-TL-1 Tea leaves (containing 0.030 mg Cd and 1.78 mg Pb per 1 kg) and INCT-MPH-2 Mixed Polish herbs (containing 0.199 mg Cd and 2.16 mg Pb per 1 kg).

Reagents and reference materials

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Hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 (30% pure) and nitric acid HNO 3 (65% ultra-pure) were purchased from POCH S.A. (Poland). Deionised water used for dilution was made in our laboratory (Hydrolab Poland, Gdańsk). The Cd and Pb standards were purchased from Merck (Germany). Certified reference materials INCT-TL-1 and INCT-MPH-2 were obtained from the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (Warsaw, Poland).

Calculations

Based on the difference in the content of Cd and Pb in coffee grounds, the degree (%) to which those metals passed into the infusion was calculated prior to after coffee brewing. The safety of drinking coffee for adult Poles was estimated on the grounds of (1) calculation of the percentage of Cd and Pb intake in comparison with the acceptable level proposed by EFSA [16, 17], (2) calculation of parameters describing the risk of development of cancer and (3) calculation of parameters describing the risk of development of non-carcinogenic diseases. Three consumption patterns were taken into account in the calculations: 1 cup, 2 cups or 3 cups a day for 365 days in a year because such amounts of coffee in Poland are drunk by ca. 80% of coffee drinkers [9, 10].

(1) Percent of tolerable dose:

Estimated weekly intake (EWI) of Cd and Pb was calculated according to the formula [22]:

$$ EWI=frac{MWC imes metal level}{100} $$

where MWC is the mean weekly consumption of coffee (one, two or three cups).

Tolerable weekly intake % (TWI) was calculated according to the formula [22]:

$$ \% TWI=frac{EWI_{Cd} imes 100}{TWI} $$

The value adopted for TWI was 2.5 μg Cd kg−1 of body weight per week [16]. Benchmark dose lower confidence limit % (BMDL) was calculated according to the formula [22]:

$$ \% BMDL=frac{EWI_{Pb} imes 100}{BMDL} $$

The value adopted for BMDL: two values suggested by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) were calculated per 1 week: BMDL 01 —10.5 μg Pb kg−1 of body weight per week—and BMDL 10 —4.4 μg Pb kg−1 of body weight per week [17].

The mean body weight was assumed as 70 kg.

(2) Cancer risks parameters

Chronic daily intake (CDI) of Cd or Pb was calculated according to the formula [23, 24]:

$$ mathrm{CDI}=frac{mathrm{ED}mathrm{I} imes mathrm{EFr} imes {mathrm{ED}}_{mathrm{tot}} }{mathrm{body} mathrm{weight} imes mathrm{AT}} $$

where EDI is the estimated daily intake of Cd and Pb, calculated on the basis of the mean weekly consumption of coffee (one, two or three cups) and mean level of Cd and Pb; EFr is the days of exposure frequency (365 per year); ED tot is the exposure duration (years)—since in Poland regular coffee drinkers are adults only, it was assumed that the time of exposure was calculated from 18 to 74 years of age (74 years—average life span in Poland), which is 56 years; AT is the period of exposure (365 per year).

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CSF is a cancer slope factor which is the risk produced by a lifetime average dose of 1 mg kg−1 BW per day and is contaminant specific.

(3) Non-carcinogenic risks parameters

Target hazard quotient (THQ) was calculated according to the formula [23]:

$$ mathrm{THQ}=mathrm{CDI}/mathrm{RfD} $$

where CDI is the chronic daily intake of Cd or Pb.

RfD (reference dose) for Cd is 1 μg kg−1 of body weight per day, whereas, for Pb, it is 3.5 μg kg−1 of body weight per day [25]. When THQ is higher than 1, it is assumed that there is a significant risk of developing negative effects on health resulting from chronic exposure to Cd and/or Pb [26].

Hazard index (HI) was calculated according to the formula [23]:

$$ mathrm{HI}={mathrm{THQ}}_{mathrm{Cd}}+{mathrm{THQ}}_{mathrm{Pb}} $$

Statistical analysis

The mean content of Cd and Pb was calculated for each sample (three weighing replications × 3 replications of chemical analysis). A statistical analysis of the results (average value, minimum and maximum value, standard deviation, median, 75 and 25 percentile) was carried out using Statistica 13.1 software. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were computed by single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the Duncan test. The correlation between the content of Cd and Pb in coffee and the degree (%) to which they passed into the infusion was calculated using Pearson’s method (Statistica 6.0 software).

link.springer.com - Assessment of the risk of exposure to cadmium and lead ... - Springer Link

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